U.S. strikes and ISR in Somalia are carried out under a mix of legal authorities: (1) host‑nation consent / invitation (AFRICOM routinely states strikes were “in coordination with” or at the request of the Federal Government of Somalia, i.e., collective self‑defense); (2) executive authorities including the 2001 AUMF and the President’s Article II commander‑in‑chief powers (used to justify counter‑terrorism strikes against specified terrorist groups); and (3) Department of Defense law of war and mission‑specific Rules of Engagement (ROE) and civilian‑harm assessment procedures that the military applies before and during strikes and ISR support.